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Стойко С., Гадач Е., Шимон Т., Михалик С. Заповідні екосистеми Карпат

Summary

S. Stoiko, E. Hadach, T. Simon, S. Mikhalik. Protected ecosystems in the Carpathians

Geographic situation of the Carpathians, located on the territory of five states, indicates the necessity of integration of research work on the field of preservation of natural ecosystems. IUCN, UNESCO (Programme Man and Biosphere), UNEP, WWF oblige us to such scientific integration.

The Carpathian mountain system is about 1500 km long and up to 2655 m in altitude. It acts as a massive watershed betmeen the basins of the Black and the Baltic seas where numerous rivers such as the Danube, the Dniester, the Vistula, the Tissa are springing up. The mountain system is diverse in geographic, orographic, ecologic relations and is devided into the Western, the Eastern and the Southern Carpathians. Due to the favourable location on the Central Europe, the Carpathians are characterized by special biogeographic originality. More than 2700 species of vascular plants grow up here which is more than one third of European flora with about 10 thousand species. About 240 species and subspecies of endemis plants requiring particular preservation are being confined in this region. The main localities of endemic taxa of flora and fauna are in the Western and the Southern Carpathians. The Carpatian's unique natural landscapes with their medical and balneological resources (more than 300 mineral springs) have important social significance.

The mountain regions being characterized by a larger biogeographic diversity than countries of plains are more sensitive to disturbance of complicated interconnections between the components of natural ecosystems. In the Carpathians about 10% of vascular plants are being endangered, tens of species of flora and fauna have already disappeared. After decreasing the woodland areas to the critical level in some region the ecological balance in the basins of the mountain rivers was disturbed. As a result of monocultural economy, the biological resistance to such catastrophic processes as wind falls, avalanches, invasion of entovermin and epiphytoty has decreased. That is why the nature preservation becomes one of the most important ecological, economical and social problems in the Carpathians nowadays.

The collective monograph considers the problems of preservation of the unique ecosystems and their biological resources. The ecological, biogeographic and nature preservational specificity of the Carpathians and their significance in the support of ecological balance in the middle Europs is shown.

Different forms of activity for natural conservation in the Carpathian region have ancient traditions having appeared yet in the middle ages. The main stages of the conservation are: the preservation of separate biologic species, of natural resources, of unique landscapes and the modern ecological stage of total preservation of natural environment. The monograph shows the organizational structure of conservation of the environment in the states where the Carpathians are located. The scientific determination of the following preservational objects is given: nature park, total (strict) reserve (zapovednik), biosphere reserve, partial reserve (zakaznik), nature reserve, protected landscape area, monument of nature, preserved locality, preserved scientific area, preserved nature formation, landscape aesthetic roads.

At present the network of the preservational territories in the Carpathians includes 14 national parks, 4 biosphere reserves, ramifide network of other reserve objects. The monograph depicts natural parks, biosphere reserves and the most important reserve landscapes and nature reserves. In Czechoslovakia they arc: national parks in the mountains of the High Tatra, the Pieniny, the Small Tatra; protected landscape areas - the

Beskids, the White Carpathians, the Big Fatra, the Mountain Orava, the Shtiavnica hills, The Muranian mountains, the Slovak Paradise, the Vihorlat, the Eastern Carpathians: in Poland they are: the biosphere reserve Babia Gora, national parks in the mountains Tatra, the Gorczany, the Pieniny, the Beskids; in Hungary they are: the national park Biikk, biosphere reserve Aggtelek, protected landscape area Holloko, Lazberc, Berzsen, Zemplen; in the Ukraine they are: the Carpathian strict reserve (zapovednik), the Carpathian national park, the national parks Synevir and Skolevski Beskidy, important reserves. In Romania they are: the national park Retezat, nature reserve in the mountains Bucegi.

The monograph characterizes the natural conditions of these preservational objects, their flora, vegetation and fauna and shows their scientific and social significance. A special attention is devoted to the problems of foundation of the trilateral international biosphere reserve in the Beskids in which complex ecological monitoring system is being planned.

Taking into consideration the intensification of technogenic influence on biosphere and the danger to its normal functioning, it should be stated that the problems of preservation of natural ecosystems and of their autotrophic and heterotrophic blocks are of such importance that they have to become an object of a special nature preservation science - biosozology. The ecologic strategy of biosozology is based on the panbiocentric conception which means the preservation of total genepool as a biological basis of biogeochemical function of the living organisms of the biosphere. It's also based on the panecologic conception which means the preservation of heterogenity of natural ecosystems which is the basis of evolution of biological species. The mountain regions of moderate latitude including the Carpathians are characterized by the living organisms' diversity and by the ecological diversity of natural landscapes that promote its preservation in the reserve ecosystems. The monograph grounds the direct and indirect functions of the reserve ecosystems. The direct functions includes: bioconservational (preservation of plants and animals kingdoms of species richness); biogenetic (promotion of the spontaneous development of populations); informational, scientific, conserva-tional, ecological, economical, social (recreational). The more important indirect functions includes: cognitive, cultural, educational, aesthetic.

The practical implementation of the programme arrangements in the field of nature preservation of the Carpathians has to be based on the interconnected systems of ecological, economical and social character taking into account the whole Carpathians ecological situation. They includes: the system of such forms of rational utilization of natural resources in separate regions (e. g. forests, water, etc) which are not dangerous for the other regions of the Carpathians; the system of preservation of natural landscapes which has both national and total Carpathians significance; the system of interstate ecological agreements which have to support ecologically balanced situation of the Carpathians on the whole; the system of humanitarian ecology that includes ecological culture, moral, ethics, didactics and promotes the consciousness of responsibility of the society for the support of the ecological balance in the Carpathians and neighbouring regions.

One of the main conformities of the evolution of biosphere is the law of natural optimization of ecological conditions for the support of the potential development of living substance. After V. I. Vernadsky it includes also a human being as an intelectual biological species. That is why this law must act in a global socio-ecosystem i. e. noobiosphere which has not to be disturbed by a man. The above mentioned concepts concern the unique Carpathian mountain system in biogeographical relations as well.

The solution of the multidirectional problems of natural conservation in this region is included in the programme of the International Institute-Association of Regional Ecological Problems having been recently enacted at Ivan Franko State University in Lviv.

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